https://www.fluxsci.com/flux daily 0.75 2026-03-19 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551622123945-AFMJUEOMEHOXT9JMALE8/Snowmelt.gif Flux Science https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/mods monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/fb91494a-9be3-42c4-bf83-2082d0672581/HeaderImage+H2OrbitalsAnimation.gif Flux Science - 8 - Drawing Molecular Orbital Diagrams - Abstract (TL;DR) Molecular orbital diagrams are a fantastic way of visualizing how molecular orbitals form using what we already understand about sigma and pi bonds. Depending on if it is a homonuclear case, where the bonding atoms are the same, or a heteronuclear case, where the bonding atoms are different, these molecular orbital diagrams will look incredibly different. Regardless, consideration of the symmetry between atoms, how the orbitals mix and the electronegativities of all atoms are necessary in drawing molecular orbital diagrams. This lesson walks through those considerations. ——— The waves of electrons within atomic orbitals (left and right) forming a pi molecular orbital (top, middle) through destructive interference and a sigma molecular orbital (top, bottom) through constructive interference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1630198632307-X67BWP7XE070MIJO3D51/MolecularOrbitalDiagram.png Flux Science - 8 - Drawing Molecular Orbital Diagrams - Make it stand out Image by Jessie A. Key via Introductory Chemistry - 1st Canadian Edition (Chapter 9) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1630198765818-6AE9UK1HYQLIATPAEKK3/Logo+icon+Transparency++Ready+to+web.png Flux Science - 8 - Drawing Molecular Orbital Diagrams - Check Your Electrons You can always check if you’ve written your diagrams correctly by adding the atomic orbitals together and seeing if they equal the molecular orbitals. You can also add the number of each orbital type’s electrons; they should also be equal. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/a45dd7ab-5e77-4090-a49f-98c85ce5aef3/Internuclear+Axis+75%25.png Flux Science - 8 - Drawing Molecular Orbital Diagrams - Make it stand out Image via Chegg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/24ef44e8-b9b4-412b-8b3a-b6e72ed2240d/Diatomic+Hydrogen.png Flux Science - 8 - Drawing Molecular Orbital Diagrams - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/98d7bc11-e3bd-4416-a0a3-c2a63ab49986/Sigma+Symmetry.png Flux Science - 8 - Drawing Molecular Orbital Diagrams - Make it stand out Image from Dr. Adam via Professor Adam Teaches An example of 1s atomic orbitals combining to form: (top) a sigma bonding molecular orbital and (bottom) a sigma antibonding molecular orbital. Take note that, in both, if you rotated the molecular orbital, there are no changes in phase, making them sigma. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/d603f37d-0ccd-4b4e-b039-5cb74acea2b3/Pi+Symmetry.png Flux Science - 8 - Drawing Molecular Orbital Diagrams - Make it stand out Image from Dr. Adam via Professor Adam Teaches An example of the pi antibonding orbital, formed from out-of-phase 2p orbitals. Note how, after rotating, the result is different - a phase change. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/aa5dd4b1-5897-41e5-8d71-2f0f716bbc2e/FluxSci+Logo.png Flux Science - 8 - Drawing Molecular Orbital Diagrams - Advanced Symmetries When we leave the p orbitals and move into the d and f orbitals, we gain not only sigma and pi molecular orbitals, but also delta (δ) and, potentially, phi (φ) molecular orbitals as well. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/4ac138b2-2311-4f6c-ad63-c77289031818/Nitrogen+MO+Empty.jpg Flux Science - 8 - Drawing Molecular Orbital Diagrams - Make it stand out Image via Bartleby Molecular orbital diagram of diatomic nitrogen. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/0016fe49-f7ef-4284-8b38-912f710ae617/Nitrogen+MO+Filled.jpg Flux Science - 8 - Drawing Molecular Orbital Diagrams - Make it stand out Image via Bartleby https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/51476581-deea-477a-a390-e2931e110340/FluxSci+Logo.png Flux Science - 8 - Drawing Molecular Orbital Diagrams - Limits of sp Mixing In the second period, only lithium to nitrogen undergo sp mixing, when one is bonded to itself. Oxygen and fluoride do not. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/84dbedfa-4460-41f1-a957-09cbb0ed1f75/Diatomic+Oxygen+Filled.png Flux Science - 8 - Drawing Molecular Orbital Diagrams - Make it stand out Note the swapped sigma and pi 2p MOs. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/4053d341-72a5-43ea-a80d-b38b2a955ca7/Carbon+Monoxide+vanderWaals+70%25.png Flux Science - 8 - Drawing Molecular Orbital Diagrams - Make it stand out Carbon Monoxide, composed of a carbon atom (red) and oxygen atom (gray) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/09c9109e-99ea-42c2-aa4e-9b98294f646f/CO+MOD+Empty.png Flux Science - 8 - Drawing Molecular Orbital Diagrams - Make it stand out Carbon monoxide’s MOD, not including the core, nonbonding electrons within each atom’s 1s orbital. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/8c41c476-be68-45f5-9941-416b53ff4b05/CO+MOD+Filled.png Flux Science - 8 - Drawing Molecular Orbital Diagrams - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/covalentbondingtheories monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/a0175ab6-5a81-43cb-a9dd-97aebf9e092e/Interference.gif Flux Science - 7 - Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding - Abstract (TL;DR) The method for explaining bonding that we’ve gotten accustomed to only scratches the surface. When we factor in electron’s wave-like behavior, we see that bonding goes further than simply lone pairs and electrons between nuclei. A new bonding theory - molecular orbital theory - provides an explanation for how electron waves influence covalent bonding. ——— A waveform (middle) constructively and destructively interfering with a stationary waveform (top). Image by Tamara Smyth, Department of Music, University of California, San Diego (UCSD) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1630197077117-9K2HNTKK76H8UD062X3V/WaveInterference.jpg Flux Science - 7 - Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding - Make it stand out Constructive and Destructive Interference Image via Britannica https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1630197287333-TTPCBBKQYNNTJLVFDEPD/FluxLogo.png Flux Science - 7 - Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding - Bonding and Antibonding Bonding tends to happen in areas where attraction between electrons and atomic nuclei is highest, while antibonding occurs where repulsion is highest. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1630197522683-CLYUYN85918ZYZCFWENL/Flux.png Flux Science - 7 - Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding - Sigma and Pi Bonds Sigma bonds are covalent bonds brought about by head-on overlapping atomic orbitals. Pi bonds are covalent bonds from atomic orbitals that overlap side-to-side. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1630197661946-77ZHIBR8D6FKC0OD2S5I/Hydrogen.png Flux Science - 7 - Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding - Make it stand out These are the sigma bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals. The plus and minus represent wave phase behavior in the orbital. Two pluses or minuses represent in-phase; a plus and a minus represents out-of-phase. Antibonding orbitals usually create “nodal planes”, where electrons cannot go. In other words, the electron density is zero. Image via Sparknotes https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/scienceweakness monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1618527375151-YKZDJVQKOGXHULYLBZYW/ChessPieces Flux Science - The Scientific Community's Great Weakness - Abstract (TL;DR) The scientific community’s center, academia, has been slowly devastated by a shift in funding priorities by the federal government. The culture - how researchers work, what they work on and how they mentor the youngest and most curious minds - has changed in response. Here, I outline my own experience in research, explaining how I was caught in this shifting environment and relating those experiences to the conditions within academia. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1618520499729-L9KD49QMT7HHWNZYQ27E/USFundShare1.jpg Flux Science - The Scientific Community's Great Weakness https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1618520474233-GA7LAR01H24QV8XXGDYM/USFund1.jpg Flux Science - The Scientific Community's Great Weakness Images via AAAS https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1618522403147-6RRD2WBSYT71SK7EL6WM/d41586-018-00927-4_15372070.png Flux Science - The Scientific Community's Great Weakness Image via Nature https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1618526149732-RJEOITP43BD9LYL46P5Z/aristarchus.gif Flux Science - The Scientific Community's Great Weakness Aristarchus formed the Heliocentric Model of the universe almost two millennia before Copernicus. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1618526329789-1BNI24MCY531D0D2NPF5/Brian+Wansink.jpg Flux Science - The Scientific Community's Great Weakness Brian Wansink, a Cornell food researcher whom had over a dozen studies retracted from journals. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1618526488812-TZ6AY8GESMXTK8VJFGCE/UNBuilding Flux Science - The Scientific Community's Great Weakness https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/2021 monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1613430518868-LONXH9IAGRLX11XH7ERQ/Flux+Science+Space+Logo.png Flux Science - 2021 - Literacy, Bureaucracy and the Future of Flux https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/hydroxychloroquine monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1601853103656-ZQ8I5PAD93EFCQHA48H2/HydroxychloroquinePills Flux Science - Hydroxychloroquine - A Case Study on Poor Science Communication - Abstract (TL;DR) Pandemics are marked by the prevalence of a disease across a large population, including a global population. In fighting diseases, our greatest tool of offense is science and our greatest tool of defense is science communication. Yet the leadership of the United States has expressed open disagreement with our nation’s scientists and continued to push solutions that do not have the backing of science. What are the ramifications of this behavior on our society? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1601930435523-BR5PJ17OKNHSWQKLCS3X/CoronavirusTaskForce.jpg Flux Science - Hydroxychloroquine - A Case Study on Poor Science Communication https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1601932000006-R3EXQJVOCP9N8BI10HBE/FauciAndBright.jpg Flux Science - Hydroxychloroquine - A Case Study on Poor Science Communication Dr. Anthony Fauci (left) and Dr. Rick Bright (center) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1601931546157-JLDQY7WBZVXWRCDA1IMV/CoronavirusDeathRates Flux Science - Hydroxychloroquine - A Case Study on Poor Science Communication Image via The New Scientist https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1601932486059-WN4MY4DIB6FCF94583Y3/StephenHahn.jpeg Flux Science - Hydroxychloroquine - A Case Study on Poor Science Communication Stephen Hahn https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/sigmaandpibonds monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1600625275106-832RA5L26BNR9FISU9B6/WaterHybridization.gif Flux Science - 6 - Sigma and Pi Covalent Bonds - Abstract (TL;DR) Hybridization, beyond giving us a reason for covalent bonding, also helps us understand that there are two different types of covalent bonds - the sigma and the pi bond. Sigma bonds are those caused by a direct overlapping of atomic orbitals in between atomic nuclei while pi bonds are those caused by the overlapping of atomic orbitals away from atomic nuclei. We reveal in this section that sigma bonds exist within every covalent bond, while pi bonds only occur in double or triple bonds. Further, with an understanding of sigma and pi bonds, we can hybridize an atom at a glance. —— Water Hybridization Image via Kitasato University https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1600621877519-ENHRFCAZ7SMPCPZM2NUS/SigmaBond.png Flux Science - 6 - Sigma and Pi Covalent Bonds Sigma Bond on the x orbital of the 2p subshell. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1600621934672-0MV8MVYURCPZYWBFR127/PiBond.png Flux Science - 6 - Sigma and Pi Covalent Bonds Pi Bond on the 2p subshell. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1600622049607-9AYFUQOGXZZOD0GY5SO3/Ethene.png Flux Science - 6 - Sigma and Pi Covalent Bonds Image by McMonster via Wikimedia Commons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1600622138328-ZTSRDC7SNNBUZ1KHZO66/CarbonOrbitalDiagram.png Flux Science - 6 - Sigma and Pi Covalent Bonds Carbon (Ground State) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1600622239284-74USFVWLQ61XZJC8U1IB/CarbonExcitationsp2.png Flux Science - 6 - Sigma and Pi Covalent Bonds https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1600622557576-Z274HAOZAX8ER39PZ5T5/CarbonHybridizationinEthene.png Flux Science - 6 - Sigma and Pi Covalent Bonds https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1600623002523-LZQL2IOW1ZDMGN35I3UK/EtheneSigmaandPi.png Flux Science - 6 - Sigma and Pi Covalent Bonds Image via Biochem.co https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1600623167819-RS0B4206COYW2W10KVUX/LogoIconTransparency.png Flux Science - 6 - Sigma and Pi Covalent Bonds - Tricky Pi Bonds* Don’t forget, even though there is an overlap both above and below an atom in this image, this doesn’t represent two different bonds! Orbitals are representations of the probable location of an electron in an atom. More concretely, in this image, an electron could be either below or above an atom in the p orbitals demonstrated in the picture. We represent the bond between p orbitals in a Lewis structure with a single line. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1600623349402-LMMUMO9B82CQFJNS8RH3/WaterLewisStructure.png Flux Science - 6 - Sigma and Pi Covalent Bonds https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1600623474991-9FU14LSXDXGXZ3GM9TFS/Acetaldehyde.png Flux Science - 6 - Sigma and Pi Covalent Bonds Acetaldehyde https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1600623705920-BQXVI6W836BOKTFT20VW/Oxygen.png Flux Science - 6 - Sigma and Pi Covalent Bonds https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1600716622156-NWHORCOROJN31NTOPIEI/Hybridized+Orbital+Diagram+Chart+Full+Logo.png Flux Science - 6 - Sigma and Pi Covalent Bonds A handy hybridization chart from highest energy hybridized orbitals (top) to lowest energy hybridized orbitals (bottom). https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/hybridization monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1599598354365-2IA8NP609LWNZ4PGFG5T/hybridizationsp3.gif Flux Science - 5 - Bonding Orbitals and Hybridization - Abstract (TL;DR) Hybridization, or the overlapping of orbitals to form new, hybrid orbitals, is a valuable missing piece to the understanding of covalent bonding. These hybrid orbitals are what allow atoms to form the maximum amount of covalent bonds - something that our current, limited understanding of valence electrons doesn’t provide. — sp3 orbital Image by Cdang via Wikimedia https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1599598750787-UOMO6ZLYVAHCI4W97OGZ/Orbitals.jpg Flux Science - 5 - Bonding Orbitals and Hybridization Image via Chemistry LibreTexts Orbitals https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1599602734053-P327WN5JMEHXKC3D2R05/OrbitalDiagram.png Flux Science - 5 - Bonding Orbitals and Hybridization https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1599758646754-JNGOFSO7V39J6J8V7HOX/Carbon+Orbital+Diagram.png Flux Science - 5 - Bonding Orbitals and Hybridization https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1599758833550-HAOLZJI8QU6H0JQKM3CU/Carbon+Excitation.png Flux Science - 5 - Bonding Orbitals and Hybridization https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1599759493687-KR8JEY9EQZMWUXMJSBS0/FluxLogo.png Flux Science - 5 - Bonding Orbitals and Hybridization - *Hybridization Rule The 2s and 2p orbitals combine because they are closest to each other in energy. Only subshells that have similar energies can hybridize. The 1s and 2p orbitals, for example, can’t hybridize. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1599759211168-F7YBPLC6KRC9Z6MCRY6A/sp3hybridization.png Flux Science - 5 - Bonding Orbitals and Hybridization Image by Jodi So via CK-12 Foundation The unique shapes of the sp3 orbitals. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1599759621787-KVLOSDO7BRV7XIGQBO7A/FluxLogo.png Flux Science - 5 - Bonding Orbitals and Hybridization - *The sp and sp2 orbitals Beyond the sp3 hybrid orbitals, which represents the tetrahedral electron-pair geometry, there are the sp2 and sp hybrid orbitals, which represent the trigonal planar and linear electron-pair geometries, respectively. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1599759388951-B9SAUKRWIU8SOQ2AFQT4/Carbon+Tetrahedral.png Flux Science - 5 - Bonding Orbitals and Hybridization Overlapping orbitals. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1599759858045-7CE3JM65G5NLPQIBXOY1/Nitrogen+Excitation.png Flux Science - 5 - Bonding Orbitals and Hybridization https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/bondangles monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1598823598728-URHZ8IP2DA32TTHI9CDU/hydrogenbonds.gif Flux Science - 4 - VSEPR Theory and Molecular Geometry - Abstract (TL;DR): According to the electron configuration of an atom, the shapes that molecules take can be completely different. —— Hydrogen bonds can slightly change a molecules bond angles. Image via video by the Canadian Museum of Nature https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1598825374394-RMYFYRQP8CBT0B3CCLN0/Methane.png Flux Science - 4 - VSEPR Theory and Molecular Geometry Methane (Top - Lewis Structure; Bottom - Ball-And-Stick Structure) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1598826748279-SX8ENZDMSHT1B5KUXRGO/Ammonia3D.png Flux Science - 4 - VSEPR Theory and Molecular Geometry Ammonia https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1598828044791-3H66X13M685535G68Y5B/FluxLogo.png Flux Science - 4 - VSEPR Theory and Molecular Geometry - Figuring Out The Number of Valence Electrons* Try to master the core-valence form. For all atoms, except transition metals, you can add the spin quantum numbers (the exponents) of each subshell to figure out the amount of valence electrons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1598828781595-ZEXDJDVYKI6SF5S56OOI/WaterLewisStructure.png Flux Science - 4 - VSEPR Theory and Molecular Geometry An accurate Lewis structure of water. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1599080214997-BXFI8NEWMO7JQUIP6ASK/HBond.jpeg Flux Science - 4 - VSEPR Theory and Molecular Geometry Hydrogen Bonds in Water Image via BioNinja https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1599080905543-9C2UHXTBB189L4ZNCMZ3/Liquid+to+Ice.gif Flux Science - 4 - VSEPR Theory and Molecular Geometry Image via video by icelcn Freezing Liquid Water (striped line represents hydrogen bonds) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1599343739223-5X7W6XCE0RG01U94Z0IZ/3D+Lewis+Structure+of+Methane.jpg Flux Science - 4 - VSEPR Theory and Molecular Geometry Image via Boundless 3D Lewis Structure of Methane https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/carbonprioritydegree monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1594154052304-WZA4DX0YKH2O8GWO1MIO/Carbon.jpeg Flux Science - 3 - Classification of Carbon Molecules - Abstract (TL;DR): This lesson discusses the way we number carbon atoms in molecules by understanding carbon priority and carbon degree. Carbon priority is determined by how many carbon atoms are bonded to the carbon atom of choice with first degree carbons being bonded to one other carbon, second degree carbons being bonded to two and third degree carbons being bonded to three. According to carbon priority, the name of the molecule can change. Sometimes, however, certain molecules can have different configurations, which changes a carbon’s priority, but, generally, is the same molecule by name. To properly label differences, we use carbon degree to properly number our carbons, giving us a detailed name. ——————————- Coal: caused by a particular configuration of carbon and other molecules. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1594160175219-U4H03WUCZE4XBV7DITL7/PrimarySecondaryTertiary+Alcohol.png Flux Science - 3 - Classification of Carbon Molecules Ethanol, Propanol, Butanol https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1594162883518-DE2R2OP0NVR28GLZ9S0Y/2-Butanol.png Flux Science - 3 - Classification of Carbon Molecules https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1594241091566-6NZT78NK5GKMXRZC1J3N/2-Butanol+Numbered.png Flux Science - 3 - Classification of Carbon Molecules https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1594241532127-SVHKFZDS3NOCW8Z2QFTU/1%2C3-butanediol.png Flux Science - 3 - Classification of Carbon Molecules https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1594243801653-KUA3PUVWEYTTWV45DIIE/1%2C3-butanediol+numbered.png Flux Science - 3 - Classification of Carbon Molecules https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1594244253367-TJ9LEJPVAKH007UKTAYU/2-methyl-2-pentanol.png Flux Science - 3 - Classification of Carbon Molecules This is an interesting looking alien., isn’t it? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1594244868571-I2UGQG4N3RVJGVBW6KJR/2-methyl-2-pentanol+numbered.png Flux Science - 3 - Classification of Carbon Molecules Doesn’t matter which carbon you start with in this case. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1594248560951-S8VBPGC6VDHJ6G3Y5G0H/1%2C4-hexadiene.png Flux Science - 3 - Classification of Carbon Molecules https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1594248762324-Z9HTOOPZT4UJWCMCILBK/1%2C3-hexadiene-5-yne.png Flux Science - 3 - Classification of Carbon Molecules https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1594251701712-QZERVXCMP2U8JZB4BYZO/4-propylheptane.png Flux Science - 3 - Classification of Carbon Molecules https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1594255026946-BVQ8FLQ0QFMGRW04E99I/4-propylheptane+numbered.png Flux Science - 3 - Classification of Carbon Molecules https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1599084241676-QAXNVUHC0HLMMVGMUVR7/FluxLogo.png Flux Science - 3 - Classification of Carbon Molecules - * Naming Priority for Hydrocarbons When naming a molecule, if there are two or more of the hydrocarbon present, the priority is: (1) alkyl, (2) alkane, (3) alkene, (4) alkyne. Don’t forget about alphabetical order if there are two of any given type! https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/functionalgroups monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1587686672025-EAC7J378KWNBQ3214UH1/VinylSpinning.gif Flux Science - 2 - Functional Groups and Structures - Abstract (TL;DR) There are a few rules for naming organic compounds that before we begin. We must understand functional groups to understand the names of organic compounds. Functional groups, groups of particular molecules bonded to a chain of carbons, all give molecules particular characteristics. In this article, we’ll go over just a few. — Vinyl (a substance created by one of the functional groups below) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1587684448700-3N4BJXZKXNH3UWLY1LA3/Vinyl Flux Science - 2 - Functional Groups and Structures Fun-fact: the simplest alkenyl, called ethynyl (two carbons double-bonded), is also called vinyl. Adding a chlorine to this instead of hydrogen creates vinyl chloride, commonly known as vinyl. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1587668401662-U5Q4GVYBER5XZ4B81AZH/Ethyne Flux Science - 2 - Functional Groups and Structures Lewis Structure of Ethyne https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1587685522931-G3U18QGRLJ9O2LKZ6EOI/Welding.jpg Flux Science - 2 - Functional Groups and Structures https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1586974207395-TP20C7PXX3D17QBYYJAU/Methanol.png Flux Science - 2 - Functional Groups and Structures Lewis Structure of Methanol https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1586975584004-I33J4NN4J1HD9NGZ9B93/Ethanal.png Flux Science - 2 - Functional Groups and Structures Lewis Structure of Ethanal Notice the carbonyl group to the right. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1586975770517-YFZ1EN1LN0E3YMTM06TJ/Ethanal3D.png Flux Science - 2 - Functional Groups and Structures 3D Ethanal https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1586976161299-H2EAIBMDKDLLNED4L2CC/Propanone.png Flux Science - 2 - Functional Groups and Structures Lewis Structure of Propanone https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1586976277879-HTV1H9SF8C8S15I44KRD/Propanone3D.png Flux Science - 2 - Functional Groups and Structures 3D Propanone Molecule https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1586976597283-UFOLLBCAYY1XCUEP3OT1/Methanoic+Acid.png Flux Science - 2 - Functional Groups and Structures Lewis Structure of Methanoic Acid https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1586976665895-RJK89MT0ZWNBSV1ABYOA/Methanoic+Acid3D.png Flux Science - 2 - Functional Groups and Structures 3D Methanoic Acid Molecule https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1586977306346-PBSTUL5RZC255EAGKQB0/Methyl+Butanoate.png Flux Science - 2 - Functional Groups and Structures (Top) Lewis Structure of Methyl Butanoate; (Bottom) 3D Methyl Butanoate https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1587686114391-H0CDJYG1VK1ALV5YEP7A/perfume.jpg Flux Science - 2 - Functional Groups and Structures Pineapple scents in perfumes may indicate the presence of ethyl butanoate. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1586977505103-YW8S7Q138BFNSULC4ZQR/Ethanamide.png Flux Science - 2 - Functional Groups and Structures Lewis Structure of Ethanamide https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1586979480175-Y9HO462DZ6CZWB8AG8KL/Ethanamide3D.png Flux Science - 2 - Functional Groups and Structures 3D Ethanamide Molecule https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/inorganiccompounds monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1586967241556-QB0ZZT7Z4AQE4H681WK5/Glucose.gif Flux Science - 1 - Chemical Naming System - Abstract (TL;DR): This arc begins by exploring the many rules that molecules follow - starting with their names. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) names molecules for every culture to follow. Generally, molecules are named based on three criteria: the atoms involved, the structure of the molecule and the kind of bond that forms. Many molecules are formed with ions, or atoms that have a negative or positive charge. Non-metals, which include the addition of an “-ide” suffix in their name when they have a negative charge, carry their name over when bonded with a metal atom. Molecules themselves can even be ions, producing new names according to the number of oxygen ions present. Metal atoms, however, have their own rules, according to if they are a regular metal or a transition metal, which has many different potential charges. For transition metals, the name of the molecule has to be changed to reflect the charge (usually by adding a roman numeral corresponding to that charge). — Glucose Molecule Image via jonasspil https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1586965938624-KCTYY3Z1WIZ3F2QFONAW/salt.jpg Flux Science - 1 - Chemical Naming System Sodium Chloride - Salt https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1586966026653-FS1RQ7KY4SZMR4GH2B62/PeriodicTable.jpg Flux Science - 1 - Chemical Naming System Image via ScienceNotes Transition metals in this table are highlighted in yellow. A few transition metals only have one charge, like tungsten (W), with a charge of +6. I encourage you to look up the different charges that different transition metals can have! https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1586973491661-TV063OG23HMR98X7KF39/Perchlorate.png Flux Science - 1 - Chemical Naming System Perchlorate Remember oxygen only needs to form two valence electrons to complete its valence shell. Chlorine, with it’s seven valence electrons, allows three oxygens to complete their shells. If there is another oxygen present, it will bond with the remaining electron that chlorine has, but it has one more valence electron (hence the negative charge that makes it an ion). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1586973903714-E2AV5E9MAIU5ZFRKZCH2/Perchlorate3D.png Flux Science - 1 - Chemical Naming System 3D Perchlorate Molecule https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1586973993303-L6BCHFDKIE0EXETRSW80/Phosphate.png Flux Science - 1 - Chemical Naming System Phosphate https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1586974035494-4461DTAVM20YXR776ZU4/Phosphate3D.png Flux Science - 1 - Chemical Naming System 3D Phosphate Molecule https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/docsummary monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1586103087972-NX7X5NZEMO8JXKKI6OAP/ElectronCloudAtom Flux Science - Summary: The Dance of Chemistry - Abstract (TL;DR) This is a summary of the Dance of Chemistry arc. I highly recommend you read this in full. Links are provided within the titles to each section for more detail. — Image via Crash Chemistry Academy https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1586106074938-LBXKINKESQJFA2U7J464/The+Dance+of+Chemistry+Flowchart+%28image%29.png Flux Science - Summary: The Dance of Chemistry https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1586103980480-4F2BBBMWZYP2004J6B0E/PeriodicTable.png Flux Science - Summary: The Dance of Chemistry https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1586107019802-5H2M54ISCP4AWW2ZT8V6/DipolesInWater.png Flux Science - Summary: The Dance of Chemistry Image via University of California, Los Angeles Chemistry Department https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1586107072868-GQJE8RVRGEMCKNMH7CYS/SaltIonicBond.jpg Flux Science - Summary: The Dance of Chemistry https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1586107110455-N78AHO664PGXORM8KEKY/SodiumMetallicBond.png Flux Science - Summary: The Dance of Chemistry Image by Keisho Inoue via IGCSE Chemistry https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1586107810127-7LRTZOE2W0YJWE7N8J7O/PeriodicTableMetalsMetalloidsNonmetals Flux Science - Summary: The Dance of Chemistry Image via Good Science https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/covidmanagement monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1585153583538-789LX0AA168W4LO3W9T6/ShakingGlovedHands.jpg Flux Science - Bureaucratic Communication: The Management of COVID-19 - Abstract (TL;DR) There are things that we don’t know and government’s partisanship and bureaucracy are critical reasons why. Meeting simple public and economic needs should be simple and, from a scientific perspective, it is. However, when scientists have to interact with government, a second bureaucratic system, information can get lost. That partisanship can also trickle down to the local level, causing dangerous skepticism and worsening the pandemic. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1585155472342-JFY1MKLN4RVGCFSVOK1W/petridish.jpg Flux Science - Bureaucratic Communication: The Management of COVID-19 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1585155634126-3BI0ACEVTQ256V0ZD7FP/direction_road_look_right_arrow_crossing_safety_politics-903095.jpg Flux Science - Bureaucratic Communication: The Management of COVID-19 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1585155382874-L2FVJG756J8QZTRXHJ9C/washinghands.jpg Flux Science - Bureaucratic Communication: The Management of COVID-19 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/2020 monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1582586455916-1ELWG0EQ6JGY3ISDM6Z4/Flux+Science+Space+Logo.png Flux Science - 2020 - Accessibility in Flux https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/steminterest monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1580330602331-JZCWSETUHTRXU18L3MJ7/convention_conference_meeting_training_professional_training_lesson_classroom_conference_room-618609.jpg%21d.jpg Flux Science - Changing Course: Improving Interest in STEM - Abstract (TL;DR): Our current convention for teaching children the sciences is ineffective. The rigidity of school curricula causes a decline in interest, in multiple different countries, due to the lack of real-world relevance and/or a low quality of education. In order to fix this, we have to break out of the belief that children are not capable of learning complex topics and, instead, meet the desire that they naturally have for an intellectual challenge through creative instruction. Happy 2020! https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1580595714698-8PHU9A3OZCPJAQ7NWBJI/light_spiral_fractal_art_space_energy_glow_star_fantasy-982378.jpg%21d.jpg Flux Science - Changing Course: Improving Interest in STEM https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1580595496196-1XT4HDCPEOXZ6CU3IO5C/pexels-photo-2642692.jpeg Flux Science - Changing Course: Improving Interest in STEM https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1580335224995-P96DT7ZNLXZTXDO5CVYV/Science+Interest.png Flux Science - Changing Course: Improving Interest in STEM Sourced from Potvin & Hasni, 2014, p. 786 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1580595646428-ZTER8W1LSMTJ1UPBPA5O/pexels-photo-736428.jpg Flux Science - Changing Course: Improving Interest in STEM https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/s-eleflow monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1570376694442-240JGXPF6CM72UYCB1U2/pexels-photo.jpg Flux Science - Significance: Elemental Flow https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/metals monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1583203179471-M1C63XM0OYHSHCJX4E0M/ChemicalReactions.gif Flux Science - 4 - Properties of Metals, Non-metals and Metalloids - Abstract (TL;DR): This marks the end of the Dance of Chemistry arc. In this piece, we discuss properties held by the elements. Elements are divided between three characteristics: metals, non-metals and metalloids. Metals are malleable and are great conductors of heat and electricity. Non-metals are brittle and are bad conductors of heat and electricity. Metalloids are either brittle or malleable and can be good conductors of heat and electricity or not. Lastly, the characteristics of elements can determine the kinds of bonds they form. — Image via Tsinghua University Press and University of Science and Technology of China https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1566228114756-W38NLJN4IHZGC6TBRPCH/pt.png Flux Science - 4 - Properties of Metals, Non-metals and Metalloids https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1566229793514-2HOZR8LMOPNY4AWWI0XV/garbage_aluminum_can_broken_deposit_return_indifference_recycling-1017258.jpg%21d.jpg Flux Science - 4 - Properties of Metals, Non-metals and Metalloids Aluminum (Metal) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1566229377233-I6MDF7DN0RSX6FOENKT4/pexels-photo-2646237.jpeg Flux Science - 4 - Properties of Metals, Non-metals and Metalloids Carbon (non-metal) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1566229461583-ZEAHR1ITE7HWU0AEIC5F/SiliconCroda.jpg Flux Science - 4 - Properties of Metals, Non-metals and Metalloids Silicon (metalloid) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1566230217131-HE9MP679D8TNMGBYWNDF/pexels-photo-209948.jpeg Flux Science - 4 - Properties of Metals, Non-metals and Metalloids https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1566230008882-J3YHWNU7WCGTUW22TOXU/pexels-photo-2443012.jpeg Flux Science - 4 - Properties of Metals, Non-metals and Metalloids https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/sciobsol monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1565796200049-170E1PVKD98199ZRT3LU/treesunset Flux Science - Will Science Become Obsolete? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1565796236789-QZ2MJF8MBQRZTDDLNL4M/pexels-photo-1983032.jpg Flux Science - Will Science Become Obsolete? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1565796517224-ETULEC8ML5TD0UEXN7O9/womanreaching.jpeg Flux Science - Will Science Become Obsolete? https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/sciencenosides monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1561061672697-XGGN6HUOFP9CHKDSMCIW/pexels-photo-551588.jpeg Flux Science - Science Is Not On Your Side https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1561060362551-N85Y6J8SE5YRKGO2X2NB/Vostok_420ky_4curves_insolation.jpg Flux Science - Science Is Not On Your Side Image via Petit et al., (1999) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1561060416994-PZWSUAMAXF6YN5INA1YS/aggi-figure-2.jpg Flux Science - Science Is Not On Your Side Image via National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/societalprogress monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1552832272819-J8ILXLIBK2J7ZXQYQ55S/pexels-photo-1081939.jpeg Flux Science - Women: The Secret to Societal Progress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1552832755381-ET4GWONNYMTGKF5VXVSB/pexels-photo-1405814.jpeg Flux Science - Women: The Secret to Societal Progress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1552833661015-V2NH8KN83JLG1Y0P7668/pexels-photo-901964.jpeg Flux Science - Women: The Secret to Societal Progress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1552833554584-HDANAPBD1FUPFL7AYB5Q/pexels-photo-1081685.jpeg Flux Science - Women: The Secret to Societal Progress https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/fire monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1552251436562-4KGI5DIVFKMN3UERRZBJ/Fire.gif Flux Science - Fire https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1552252420748-WA5RFROR2AATVPJIHXSS/pexels-photo-1558916.jpeg Flux Science - Fire https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1552252546200-ZLFEEW9AX069GY33YEFM/pexels-photo-266896.jpeg Flux Science - Fire https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/socratic-method monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550703651832-9NFT4ZR1V0C3EPIZECJG/1-opayioyw0xh6m1pv6mieig.jpeg Flux Science - The Socratic Method in Society Image via NBMDA https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550703654670-082QXORUIXNV4BDI15Z5/socrates.jpg Flux Science - The Socratic Method in Society https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/2019 monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550882137302-F4MLPBV2S9EB2QNR950B/Banner.jpg Flux Science - 2019 - The Permanent Flux https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550703655171-P8V4G4Z8C7DCALTXUHZ0/tumblr_na0c5enkvt1rpco88o1_500.gif Flux Science - 2019 - The Permanent Flux https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/electronegativity monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1583195264949-RMRGNMVST32DT014XJHD/Ionic_Bond.gif Flux Science - 3 - Electronegativity of an Atom - Abstract (TL;DR): This is a discussion on what electronegativity, or the tendency of an atom to attract electrons, does to bonding chemistry. Those with even electronegativities tend to form more covalent bonds, whereas those with more stark differences, form ionic bonds. Metallic bonds form when all relevant elements desire to let go of their electrons, which consequently holds all of them together in a net of electrons. — Animation by Bevan Lynch via TedEd https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550703654074-9NY26EVSCYLPGORCS85I/eshift1-1.jpg Flux Science - 3 - Electronegativity of an Atom https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550703653651-896UW2H2HGG520M7EYFU/dipole01.png Flux Science - 3 - Electronegativity of an Atom https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550703654392-6OQHV6CYWTTULL11X7S1/grt.jpg Flux Science - 3 - Electronegativity of an Atom https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550703654753-FPIB231X4DDG0DCKSDB2/sodium.png Flux Science - 3 - Electronegativity of an Atom https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/valence monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1583120691954-N3UFVOA5J5CRBTIMGK7L/Atomic_Bonding.gif Flux Science - 2 - Core Electrons and Valence Electrons - Abstract (TL;DR): There is a distinction between electrons that are able to bond - valence electrons - and electrons that don’t - core electrons. Core electrons don’t bond because they, like noble gases, are stable, feeling the greatest amount of charge from the atomic nucleus. However, valence electrons feel an effective charge from the nucleus, or a charge brought about after the positive charge of the nucleus is subtracted by the number of core electrons. This effective charge is also felt by any valence electrons from other atoms, which is the main reason why stable bonds can occur. — Animation by Ahmed Saeed via Youtube https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550703650767-BKSH13IIG91GD5QGIHVF/7505-6-9PEEI1.png Flux Science - 2 - Core Electrons and Valence Electrons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550703651192-XN6UCVRIUFNTJVB5KMR5/Hydrogen-Bond.jpg Flux Science - 2 - Core Electrons and Valence Electrons https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/hospitalpseudoscience monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550703647791-9A79W2SUNR3I45D8FNTY/tumblr_inline_oximtqjrvi1v0ifqc_1280.jpg Flux Science - Pseudoscience in the Hospital Image via Blue Tree Health https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551323787520-Q3UZ0MTW8OA82SFSU2OU/tumblr_inline_oximyaLxgq1v0ifqc_400.jpg Flux Science - Pseudoscience in the Hospital Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quételet by Joseph-Arnold Demannez https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/accessibility monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550703648197-DWJBQX1O1YCLU78PD0DD/tumblr_inline_oy987opdzi1v0ifqc_640.jpg Flux Science - Accessibility Image via Freepik https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551323901108-047N6S0GYD8BYU4HFY69/tumblr_inline_oy98lzy5xl1v0ifqc_1280.jpg Flux Science - Accessibility Image by Howard Steven Friedman via Huffington Post https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/genderandsex monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550703650530-3RCL0HDLRTXVKOHTC0NE/vwuf21isg89evwatmige.gif Flux Science - The Science of Gender and Sex vwuf21isg89evwatmige https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550703647072-H1N458C9ZT0GY2GOXMH1/combo.png Flux Science - The Science of Gender and Sex https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550703647428-560KSQOCI64B9911P8XX/difference-between-natural-science-and-social-science-comparison-summary.png Flux Science - The Science of Gender and Sex Image via Pediaa https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550703650680-YI5HAR19VT0IVBPZ4FJQ/xchromosomesm.jpg Flux Science - The Science of Gender and Sex Image via MarshScience7 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550703647190-SU4FHJ5ZDH25X3371USX/crossing-over.jpg Flux Science - The Science of Gender and Sex Image via Biology Exams 4 U https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550703646981-6DRBBLO140BPDCT15UVA/7774109_orig.png Flux Science - The Science of Gender and Sex Image via Amazing World of Science https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550703647602-AKWYO0HEBCF5PO0ONZG1/meiosis_yourgenome.png Flux Science - The Science of Gender and Sex Image via yourgenome https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/healthcare monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550703649954-2VEWOQWNP3WHWB8ASH4T/tumblr_nqr0bqxu521sqs9nao1_500.gif Flux Science - The State of Healthcare Originally posted by janellalove https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551366483394-O4HE7YO0UFUFDOE2V2V6/tumblr_inline_p3jdudk4s01v0ifqc_1280.png Flux Science - The State of Healthcare Image via Explosm https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551366585036-3I94J2FA3MOE7DHXAJ8R/tumblr_inline_p3jdxzkuOb1v0ifqc_1280.png Flux Science - The State of Healthcare Graph via Physician’s Weekly https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551366646392-KVZK8ZCOZF8LCHYYQPUV/tumblr_inline_p3jeal8dg81v0ifqc_1280.jpg Flux Science - The State of Healthcare Martin Shkreli Image via Getty Images https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/atomicbonds monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1583077207227-FRJ64WY6YXA73WJVFJ1H/CovalentBond.gif Flux Science - 1 - Elements and Chemical Bonds - Abstract (TL;DR): This is an introduction to the Dance of Chemistry arc, briefly covering how atoms continue to reduce their energy and become more stable. Since noble gases are the most stable atoms in existence, atoms try to emulate them and often do so through bonding. One example of such bonding is covalent bonding, conveniently demonstrated in the animation to the left. In this particular bond, two hydrogen atoms bond to be in a state similar to helium, the nearest noble gas. — Animation by Bevan Lynch https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550703637983-XXXC14KJS3AALDN0EHLA/dades.png Flux Science - 1 - Elements and Chemical Bonds Image via ScienceNotes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550703644903-3ZJTYNOVTK5XZPN5JP5F/cfc.jpg Flux Science - 1 - Elements and Chemical Bonds Image by John Wiley and Sons, Inc. https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/humanprecept monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550703646836-CMSN015BK32LML05A2SO/tumblr_onsjxx8jrb1uwq3c7o1_500.gif Flux Science - The Human Precept https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/eleflowsummary monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1583075633209-QFD8MSYEI8KB076Q3P0K/PeriodicTable.jpg Flux Science - Summary: The Elemental Flow - Abstract (TL;DR): This is a summary of all of the sections of the Elemental Flow arc in one, neat package. I highly recommend you read this in full. All sections are linked to this summary through the headings, just in case you want more detail. — Image via Vivax Solutions https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550703639682-DFYCJE1O19JXPDTDBO5F/derfe.png Flux Science - Summary: The Elemental Flow https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550703639464-4LPX76G7WDLUCE9D57SH/dadess.jpg Flux Science - Summary: The Elemental Flow Image via HyperPhysics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550703637983-XXXC14KJS3AALDN0EHLA/dades.png Flux Science - Summary: The Elemental Flow Image via Science Notes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550703637700-5P1PV5ISEUH7NARH38A0/dade.png Flux Science - Summary: The Elemental Flow Image by thomji via Chemistry Stack Exchange https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550703637589-LASVORAVX0ID5NGEWBGX/asd.jpg Flux Science - Summary: The Elemental Flow Image via PrintableDiagram https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551566857506-9UC65FXY2R49N6U4WEIE/tumblr_inline_p40xgeZhY01v0ifqc_500.gif Flux Science - Summary: The Elemental Flow Image via HyperPhysics https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/importanceofart monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550703640586-B1E3CPN73P2I7NT3JKJU/tumblr_inline_oym1ggtlot1v0ifqc_1280.jpg Flux Science - The Importance of Art Image drawn by Megan https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/bubbles monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550703643932-R2VQBOBUH2LBJ5Q3SYGI/tumblr_orqjzt88do1thlwcco1_500.gif Flux Science - Bubbles https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551367145069-AN1LCHLC65Q4RDW1G74V/tumblr_ovf9ld2via1r0s1pco1_500.gif Flux Science - Bubbles Case and point. Originally posted by slugsy https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551367227737-UNOLUDSKZF8VW0DQOZHL/tumblr_ohs01xrrm31to4qtto1_500.gif Flux Science - Bubbles Originally posted by opens-at-nightfall https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/aufbau monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1582991278412-LEL5TGHAFMWJ626RCQH3/Masters_of_the_Universe.gif Flux Science - 6 - Order of Atomic Orbitals - Abstract (TL;DR): The arc on orbital chemistry ends with an explanation of two very important rules: the Aufbau Principle, which states that electrons must fill lower energy orbitals before filling higher energy ones, and Hund’s Rules, which state that (1) all subshells must be filled with one electron before being completed by an electron with an opposite spin and (2) the electrons that enter the subshells and half-fill them must have the same spin. Finally, we cover the specific order that electrons fill orbitals according to the Madelung Rule (or diagonal rule), which allows you to add both the principle and orbital quantum numbers (n + l) to determine what the lowest energy orbitals are (to satisfy the Aufbau Principle), and we explain that Noble Gases are unreactive because all of their orbitals are filled. — Image by jimmymm-ilustra https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551367373040-G83ADVI1LP1KA8XZEIPT/tumblr_inline_p40x4rZudK1v0ifqc_1280.png Flux Science - 6 - Order of Atomic Orbitals Image via ScienceNotes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1582992177674-K32K21DM47ZTOLS8B0FQ/Electron_spin.gif Flux Science - 6 - Order of Atomic Orbitals Image by William Reusch via Michigan State University https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551367478311-J0O1HGYMUYMGVI5W5VY4/tumblr_inline_p40x74ZS0j1v0ifqc_1280.jpg Flux Science - 6 - Order of Atomic Orbitals This is an orbital diagram. Each arrow represents an electron and its spin. Remember, p represents an orbital quantum number of 2. That means there’s a magnetic quantum number of 5, representing 5 subshells. Since the p orbital has three different orientations, each able to have two electrons, it allows for 6 electrons in total. Image via PrintableDiagram https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551367551969-TECRCCH1RI91F4551H2R/tumblr_inline_p40xc3mgP01v0ifqc_1280.jpg Flux Science - 6 - Order of Atomic Orbitals Notice how here, the 2p orbital is divided into its three dimensional configurations, 2px, 2py and 2pz. Both ways of writing the 2p orbital are acceptable. Image via Meta-Synthesis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551566697135-3Y5XKLU0PDTTRQUK8HMD/tumblr_inline_p40xgeZhY01v0ifqc_500.gif Flux Science - 6 - Order of Atomic Orbitals Image via HyperPhysics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551367681294-18RU5IMPFULYTLQHO1G6/tumblr_inline_p40ximw5qD1v0ifqc_1280.png Flux Science - 6 - Order of Atomic Orbitals Image via Chemistry LibreTexts https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/orbital2 monthly 0.5 2026-03-19 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1582938460738-8WMB0FTXM4WFMX0C6LJU/SpinningCompass.gif Flux Science - 5 - The Spin Quantum Number - Abstract (TL;DR): The Spin Quantum Number begins with an experiment by Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach, which demonstrated that a beam of atoms split evenly into two. This is due to a property of the electrons that causes them to generate their own magnetic field and, consequently, their own internal momentum. This momentum causes them to behave in two, specific ways, called “spins”. — Originally posted by geometricanimations https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1582943710045-ZLWGN5SB31WX7A2V9ZO7/Stern-Gerlach_experiment.jpg Flux Science - 5 - The Spin Quantum Number The Stern-Gerlach Experiment Setup (1) The emitter for the silver atom beam. (2) The silver atom beam. (3) The nonuniform magnets (north and south poles are different shapes, distorting the magnetic field). (4) What they expected the result to be. (5) What the result actually was. Image by Tatoute via Wikimedia https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551367795882-XYRZNI6DSXXT4JPZVYLL/tumblr_nqdl3teQJG1uvdbluo1_500.gif Flux Science - 5 - The Spin Quantum Number Originally posted by 60scartoons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551368085298-9CD8AFVOFJJYUN4RQFWB/tumblr_inline_p0f1a01lW51v0ifqc_540.png Flux Science - 5 - The Spin Quantum Number By the way, if you orient your right-hand’s four fingers so that they are going along the path of the electron and then point out your thumb, that gives you the direction of the magnetic field. Every time. It’s called the Right-Hand Rule. Image via SchoolPhysics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551368146667-YOTVTPHK9OO3OWQBIVWH/tumblr_inline_p0f1diwW4d1v0ifqc_1280.jpg Flux Science - 5 - The Spin Quantum Number Your common bar magnet is a dipole. The Earth is also one. Image via Live Science https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551368238851-V6GU2DF2FMKCYP64L8R8/tumblr_inline_p0f1j4cwhn1v0ifqc_1280.gif Flux Science - 5 - The Spin Quantum Number Although that’s a result that you could hypothesize based on an expectation gained after seeing the ice in a glass of water melt, the foundation is all wrong. Image by Bill Watterson https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1582946050258-C95A705VPW4Y3SX8EXCO/electron_spin.gif Flux Science - 5 - The Spin Quantum Number In the presence of an external magnetic field (B), like the one Stern and Gerlach fired silver atoms through, electrons have two half-spins. Remember, we don’t believe the electrons actually spin. This is just a representation of the quantum mechanical concept. Image by William Reusch via Michigan State University https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1582946894510-7UYTCHTUVJCXMFNEMA8P/Higgs_Boson.jpg Flux Science - 5 - The Spin Quantum Number - The Higgs Boson All elementary particles that hold these spins equal to ½ are called fermions, whereas if their spin value was 1 (what the value would be if the one beam went straight through without any division), it would be called a boson, a word you’ve likely heard before if you’re into physics. These are the two categories in which all particles in the universe reside. - Image of the Higgs Boson, also known as the God Particle https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551368316960-LNNHPLFMEUOHE23WDBPF/tumblr_inline_p0f1o3VWnJ1v0ifqc_500.png Flux Science - 5 - The Spin Quantum Number Image via futurespaceprogram https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/wakandaforever monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550703644032-Q2Z5NM8PRXB1N64Y6IR7/tumblr_p0tdffpymd1vfmsbyo1_540.gif Flux Science - Body Armor Image via BlackPantherDaily https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551368455856-PE9UUKEEN2MOHQ4J6Q6J/tumblr_inline_p4guhno3PZ1v0ifqc_500.jpg Flux Science - Body Armor A graph that shows the tensile strength of hair to be around 200 to 250 MPa. Image via Instron https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551368520745-ZS8IT2K02IC85996PD26/tumblr_p4d0ivq7t31wgsrt1o1_500.gif Flux Science - Body Armor Originally posted by shurisudaku https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/orbital1 monthly 0.5 2026-03-19 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/39f1e524-1070-46a9-b311-3d191ee22933/Orbitals%2C+Subshells%2C+Shells.png Flux Science - 4 - Orbitals, Shells and Subshells - Abstract (TL;DR): This is an introduction to the first three of four quantum. The first, the principle quantum number, demonstrates the energy level of the atom represented by its electron shells. The second, the orbital quantum number, demonstrates the electron subshells, or the particular configurations electrons take in three dimensions. The third, the magnetic quantum number, determines how many subshells there are within an orbital. — Image by MooMooMath and Science https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551368617685-TXHIKCYO6ME8LB579QZP/tumblr_inline_p40x4rZudK1v0ifqc_1280.png Flux Science - 4 - Orbitals, Shells and Subshells Image via Science Notes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551323099357-SEH8SFOQOKAPFTSGOHYR/tumblr_inline_ox6k2wmaIX1v0ifqc_500.gif Flux Science - 4 - Orbitals, Shells and Subshells - Make it stand out Image by Andrew D. Hwang via StackExchange https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1582929660038-63N17VYA60V1VBIEGSIE/Azimuth.gif Flux Science - 4 - Orbitals, Shells and Subshells Here’s an example of azimuth, which is an angle from the north pole to the astronomical object that is being observed at any time. A similar representation exists within atoms, where the azimuth is the angle from some point to a particular place that an electron could be. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551368998357-KX0XHIGUJCZJOL3OB59J/tumblr_inline_p076yeIAnz1v0ifqc_1280.png Flux Science - 4 - Orbitals, Shells and Subshells You’ll notice that there can be multiple subshells in one shell. Each individual electron configuration is called an orbital. Image by thomji via Chemistry Stack Exchange https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/valence1 monthly 0.5 2026-03-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1582919694359-651S5ZU1ONUZQ9R9ULJQ/NitrogenElectronConfiguration.gif Flux Science - 3 - Periodic Table and Electron Shells - Abstract (TL;DR): This lesson introduces the periodic table and the concept of electron shells, both key components to how atoms interact with each other. The concept of electron shells, originally theorized by Niels Bohr, are divided into innter shells and outer shells, called valence shells. Image via MicroMountain https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551369108238-6VX76GWQYZHP11VHSICH/tumblr_inline_p40x4rZudK1v0ifqc_1280.png Flux Science - 3 - Periodic Table and Electron Shells Image via Science Notes A nice, organized table, isn’t it? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551369205673-Z0U1C07O18H1C1EY76MK/tumblr_inline_ozbxn0EV6o1v0ifqc_500.png Flux Science - 3 - Periodic Table and Electron Shells Image via IPod Physics This is the nuclear notation, also known as AZE notation, where “A” is the mass number, Z is the atomic number, and E is the element symbol. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551369250934-RLSQHR6LD6X8SUH49VBR/tumblr_inline_ozbxoj93E11v0ifqc_500.png Flux Science - 3 - Periodic Table and Electron Shells Image via TutorCircle https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/2018/03/07/womeninnovation monthly 0.5 2024-09-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1582827139052-KEQIYSUE1TFH9EDLVNA3/tumblr_p4o9mpzjbp1t4oozko1_5001.gif Flux Science - Women's Innovative Potential - Abstract (TL;DR): Our innovation has slowed because one gender has taken control of the innovative process. This article provides a case for the inclusion of women in humanity’s innovation. Image originally posted by nami-illu https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551323495549-I2QMYZ2JIL6A3JKZ8FL0/tumblr_p4mjb6rqjd1s9htd1o1_400.gif Flux Science - Women's Innovative Potential Originally posted by londoncallingsigh https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551323415829-92DA0W7E0ULW2PWL6WKI/tumblr_p0gguxkySD1s141c3o1_500.gif Flux Science - Women's Innovative Potential Originally posted by ibmblr https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/electronduality monthly 0.5 2026-03-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1582825043717-I70AFPQ5PHKS46VYJKYR/WaveParticle.gif Flux Science - 2 - The de Broglie Hypothesis - Abstract (TL;DR): Planck, Bohr, Einstein, de Broglie. Four of the most important figures in atomic theory, beginning the Quantum Revolution. Planck discovered energy quanta, overwriting past physical law. Bohr discovered that light, a form of energy, emanated from atoms whose electrons were dropping from a higher energy state to a lower one, only at distinct levels. Einstein, who had discovered the “photon” around the same time, explained that the connection between the electrons and light was that both existed at distinct states. De Broglie put it all together, saying that electrons, like light, had the behavior of waveforms and particles. This hypothesis, coined the “Matter Wave” hypothesis, has such strong evidence that it is still one of the most accepted atomic theories in existence today. Circle Wave by Dave Whyte https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551322034629-PILK73P2WXL2ONGEEAOD/Bohr_Model.png Flux Science - 2 - The de Broglie Hypothesis Image via Universe Today https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551322695799-DB43XJOGFHQVE4KH0TQL/QuantizedColors.jpg Flux Science - 2 - The de Broglie Hypothesis Image by Dmitry Karpenko & Vahe Ganapetyan via Reef Leo Lab Continuous, like a rainbow, on the top, but discrete, individual colors, on the bottom. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551322779768-LQB9ZOG3B7K8ON2HXOCW/tumblr_inline_ox6jsuTc241v0ifqc_400.jpg Flux Science - 2 - The de Broglie Hypothesis Image drawn by John Adam Houston https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551322844263-W982ZL2Y0AP3WD5JWPY8/tumblr_inline_ox6jvqbxQa1v0ifqc_1280.jpg Flux Science - 2 - The de Broglie Hypothesis Image via Splung The strength of the field from any individual charge is determined by the strength of that charge. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551322951485-DYEYMRUBULUZJH79B4G5/tumblr_inline_ox6jxyrBXR1v0ifqc_540.png Flux Science - 2 - The de Broglie Hypothesis Image via School Physics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551323035279-5480490LEUJPHN7ODF0F/tumblr_inline_ox6k04zkIS1v0ifqc_250.jpg Flux Science - 2 - The de Broglie Hypothesis Image via HyperPhysics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551323099357-SEH8SFOQOKAPFTSGOHYR/tumblr_inline_ox6k2wmaIX1v0ifqc_500.gif Flux Science - 2 - The de Broglie Hypothesis Image by Andrew D. Hwang via StackExchange https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550703639886-9N7H24ID5P12AL11OVZO/fd5aaf5817608f55563468a26702eeab.gif Flux Science - 2 - The de Broglie Hypothesis Image via Pinterest https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/energystates monthly 0.5 2026-03-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1582823344299-L46SAB3EYM3NQ61VARTH/rutherford_bohr_model.gif Flux Science - 1 - Energy States of Atoms - Abstract (TL;DR): We all know about the atom and some of us even know the three subatomic particles — protons, neutrons, and electrons — that make up atoms. This article talks about the atom from the standpoint of explaining why the atom behaves how it does. Atoms communicate through the use of its electrons, which are oriented in specific ways according to their energy state. Since atoms and their electrons naturally want to be at their lowest energy states, electrons behave in ways that get them there, creating beautiful shapes called “orbitals”. Image via nickvdg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551320746941-2XE4D7QSMPT5UDNH127O/electron_negative.jpg Flux Science - 1 - Energy States of Atoms Image via ChemistryJokes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1588888610957-AGT6RYLWE7OOYGREOKZF/explosion.gif Flux Science - 1 - Energy States of Atoms Explosions occur as built-up energy is suddenly released. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551320825356-L295ET5Q3CJVTG3Y6I9J/Coulombs_Law.jpg Flux Science - 1 - Energy States of Atoms Coulomb’s Law. The force, F, has the unit of newtons, named after Sir Isaac Newton, who created the foundational equation for force. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551320895309-WAY3MO4Q8Z0Y1G83TTAZ/rutherford_nuclear_model.png Flux Science - 1 - Energy States of Atoms Image via Byju’s https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551320427885-HNL7N7CJC6B6RHXWKVXZ/atom_electron_cloud.jpg Flux Science - 1 - Energy States of Atoms Image via Couts G8 Class https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551320573939-H1KZ47YIVWT9RT9FJZSD/orbital+configuration.gif Flux Science - 1 - Energy States of Atoms Image by Donald A. McQuarrie via “Quantum Chemistry” https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/allinflux monthly 0.5 2025-03-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551319524825-HCPK82U96I1FVYLDUQ1N/in_flux.jpg Flux Science - Heraclitus: All is Flux Heraclitus wringing his hands over the world. (Heraclitus, the Weeping Philosopher by Johannes Moreelse) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551319869973-H4LKIFGKCAOZ5G1QNG73/moving_river.gif Flux Science - Heraclitus: All is Flux Image via greatestgifsofalltime https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551319785362-TFABL2UG19K690XNOZQ9/fire.gif Flux Science - Heraclitus: All is Flux Image via xxfallintowinterxx https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551319672209-2O9YVWE7W6GB1HM1GI0Y/ice_in_water.gif Flux Science - Heraclitus: All is Flux Image via fmahalem https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/category/Universe+of+Molecules monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/category/The+Stream monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/category/Art monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/category/Arc monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/category/Background monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/category/The+Torrent monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/category/Raindrops monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/category/Science monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/category/The+Dance+of+Chemistry monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/category/Elemental+Flow monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/category/Philosophy monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/tag/featured monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/tag/Theorems monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/tag/accessibility monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/tag/Science monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/tag/critique monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/tag/Academia monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/tag/Mathematics monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/tag/Research monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/tag/pandemic monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/tag/electrons monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/tag/healthcare monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/tag/Molecules monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/tag/%23socialscience monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/tag/womeninstem monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/tag/flux monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/tag/image monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/tag/%23gender monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/tag/coronavirus monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/tag/philosophy monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/tag/science+communication monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/tag/chemical+bonds monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/tag/%23sex monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/tag/Socratic+Method monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/tag/Summary monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/tag/ElementalFlow monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/tag/atom monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/tag/Pseudoscience monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/flux/tag/orbitals monthly 0.5 https://www.fluxsci.com/mission daily 0.75 2021-02-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550865348076-BE8DVFYWJB693DGPLIPM/sunrise-1756274_1280.jpg Mission https://www.fluxsci.com/contact daily 0.75 2025-04-15 https://www.fluxsci.com/science daily 0.75 2025-04-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551228936658-RBW0LRBSQRFT3I09KMS4/tumblr_o410ubncsa1qabbyto1_500.gif Science - The Elemental Flow The atom and it’s quantum origins https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551232496339-RN4RNK60MQKWUCSORPF5/FrankFailingBedbug-small.gif Science - The Dance of Chemistry What atoms do in the name of stability https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1586974700839-OGIP29NR0DDI7DM5MU78/WindyImpeccableArkshell-size_restricted.gif Science - Universe of Molecules Molecules And The Rules That They follow https://www.fluxsci.com/philosophy daily 0.75 2025-04-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551307745461-YNK3NZ23YQ96QSJQLKFC/RocketmmanStream.gif Philosophy - The Stream One thought Flows into another… https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1551307702254-CZVU01YC5HGX0D2E1JM8/tumblr_o7bd22tzma1rzo8x9o1_500.gif Philosophy - The Torrent …Yet some thoughts can lead to Unfavorable outcomes. https://www.fluxsci.com/new-cover-page-1 daily 1.0 2024-09-26 https://www.fluxsci.com/home daily 0.75 2025-04-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550875985021-ILS3LHFH4FO3LPMCQQCR/MindlessSilkyGnatcatcher-size_restricted.gif https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550876769389-QN8OSOG95RBFTWA7JUFR/LeafDrip.gif https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550877554992-4LJUZVWJHCZ9AMQSZS67/Thunderstorm.gif https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c6dc609e666695214ebd4d8/1550877761405-64JQRQLC7AX0K9ZALDYF/Stream.gif